How Iranian Journalists Report Without Internet Access

In the wake of coordinated Israeli and American strikes on a Tehran military compound, Iran imposed a near-total internet blackout. For journalists like Mostafa Zadeh, this isn’t an unfamiliar challenge. The Iranian government has long used internet shutdowns to suppress dissent and control narratives during crises. But how do journalists continue their work when digital lifelines vanish?

The Internet Blackout in Iran

Iran’s internet shutdowns are not new. During the 2022 protests following Mahsa Amini’s death, authorities throttled connections to disrupt coordination. The current blackout mirrors past tactics, leaving citizens and journalists isolated. Zadeh explains, “The government’s priority is security, but journalists pay the heaviest price. The right to information is always the first casualty.”

Strategies for Reporting Without Internet

Satellite Connections

Some journalists use satellite internet services like Starlink. However, Zadeh avoids it due to risks: “Iranian intelligence could trace satellite signals, leading to treason charges.” Despite the dangers, others rely on smuggled Starlink terminals to transmit real-time reports.

Encrypted Messaging Apps

Tools like Signal and Threema help journalists communicate securely. Erfan Khorshidi’s team smuggled Starlink devices into Tehran to bypass blackouts. “Before Starlink, internet shutdowns left gaps in human rights documentation,” he says. Encrypted SMS and international calls also play a role.

Satellite Imagery

Journalists like Baqir Salehi use satellite imagery from Maxar and Planet Labs to assess damage. While these images can’t identify individuals, they help map destruction. Salehi emphasizes corroboration: “I never publish casualty numbers from satellite data alone. Testimony and evidence are essential.”

Risks and Challenges

Operating under blackouts is perilous. Khorshidi’s team relocates Starlink devices constantly to avoid detection. Amnesty International reports over 1,000 executions in Iran in 2025, including 15 for “espionage” since hostilities with Israel began. “The risk of arrest is real,” Khorshidi warns. “But staying silent isn’t an option.”

The Future of Journalism in Iran

Despite risks, Iranian journalists persist. Their methods—satellite tech, encrypted apps, and smuggled footage—highlight resilience. As Zadeh notes, “The internet may be cut, but the truth finds a way.”

Conclusion

Iranian journalists face immense challenges during internet blackouts. Yet through innovation and courage, they continue to document events and hold power to account. Their work underscores the vital role of independent media in authoritarian regimes.

FAQs

1. How do Iranian journalists report without internet access? They use satellite connections, encrypted apps, and smuggled footage to bypass blackouts.
2. Why does Iran cut internet access? The government cites security concerns but primarily aims to suppress dissent and control narratives.
3. What risks do journalists face? Arrest, treason charges, and execution are real threats for those circumventing internet shutdowns.
4. How effective are satellite internet solutions? While useful, satellite connections risk detection by Iranian intelligence, limiting their use.
5. How do journalists verify information without internet? They combine satellite imagery, eyewitness testimony, and cryptographic hashing to ensure accuracy.